Toe box - the very tip of the shoe that provides space for your toes. The toe box can be either rounded or pointed; these designs determine the amount of space allowed for your toes.
 
Vamp - the upper, middle section of a shoe where the laces are typically found, although Velcro can sometimes take the place of laces.
 
Insole and Outsole - the insole is inside of the shoe; the outsole contacts the ground.
The softer the sole, the greater the shoe’s ability to absorb shock.
 
Heel - the bottom area at the rear of the shoe that provides proper elevation. More pressure is put on your foot with a higher heel.
 
The last section of a shoe is the area that curves in slightly to conform to the average foot shape, allowing you to decipher from the right and the left shoe.

Structure of Men’s Shoes:
The following are some characteristics specific to men’s shoes:

Roomy Toe Box.  The toe box usually has an appropriate amount of horizontal and vertical space along with a low heel (typically about half-an-inch-high).
 
Hard or Soft Soles.  Soles can be made of hard materials, such as leather, or soft materials such as crepe; however, softer soles tend to be more comfortable and will protect your feet and help keep them comfortable.

Structure of Work Shoes:
Work shoes are available with varying characteristics dependent on the wearer’s occupation:

Work boots are often made of thick leather with steel toe boxes that can be worn to protect your feet from injury.
 
Boots are available with different levels of traction.

Structure of Women's Shoes:
The following are some considerations for women’s shoes:

Low-heeled shoes (one inch or lower) with a wide toe box are the best choice. They have a wide toe box that can support the front part of the foot.
 
High-heeled, pointed-toe shoes can lead to numerous problems including discomfort or injury to the toes, ankles, knees, calves, and back .
 
Most high-heeled shoes have a pointed, narrow front area that crowds and forces toes into an unnatural position.
 
The higher the heel, the more stress and pressure is put on the ball of the foot and on the forefoot, causing further discomfort.
 
Low-heeled shoes can also cause discomfort if they don’t fit well.

Structure of Athletic Shoes:
Since athletic shoes are meant for high levels of activity, they have some unique characteristics, including:

Protects players from specific stresses encountered for a given sport. Variations in design, material and lacing characteristics are meant to protect your feet.
 
Shoes are specific to each sport; the amount of cushioning and stability needed for different activities will determine the type of shoe recommended.
 
Well-fitted shoes need to be comfortable; a good fit will reduce blisters and other skin conditions